What does intonation refer to in speech?

Intonation refers to the variation in pitch while speaking, which contributes to the overall tone of the language. It plays an essential role in conveying meaning, emotions, and nuances in speech. For example, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence can indicate a question, while a falling intonation might signal a statement or command. This subtle modulation of pitch adds depth to spoken communication, allowing listeners to discern things like emphasis, excitement, or uncertainty.

The other concepts address different aspects of communication. The literal meaning of a spoken word pertains to its dictionary definition, which does not encompass the nuances that intonation brings. The idea or feeling a spoken word conveys relates more to connotation and emotion rather than the auditory quality of pitch variation. The use of silence in conversation covers pauses and gaps in dialogue but does not relate to vocal pitch and tone. Thus, intonation is specifically concerned with how pitch affects the expression of speech.